Second Semester Schedule + Thoughts

Second Semester Schedule + Thoughts Oooooooohhhh boy. A new semester has begun! I know this post is kinda late, but I thought I should wait until my schedule was FINALLY set in stone before I regale y’all with all the details. I officially got off the waitlist for my gym class, so everything’s set! Scheduling classes this semester was a bit of a struggle. First of all, I got a little off-track during Independent Activities Period (IAP) and nearly NR-ed (no-recorded) the two classes I was taking in January. The P-NR mindset01 The attitude that your grades dont really matter and you should do the bare minimum needed to pass your classes, usually resulting from MITs pass/no-record policy for first-semester freshmen can be really great during your first few months at MIT; I really enjoyed building an identity and confidence that didn’t depend on my grades. At the same time though, it’s kind of crazy how a student who was pretty much at the top of their class during high school can slip so far into academic apathy that they forget about their 6.14502 Brief Introduction to Python. Its a short class that runs over IAP and gives you the pre-reqs for a lot of course 6 classes final and end up taking it online in the middle of the woods on two hours of sleep (yes. I did that. It wasn’t good). I didn’t even dare pick out my STEM-based spring semester classes until I knew whether or not I’d passed 6.145 and 18.02A03 A multivariable calculus class that runs into IAP . On the other end of the academic spectrum, 21W04 MITs Writing course/major classes are HARD to get into. In the poetry workshop I eventually lost my spot in, a girl sitting at my table on the first day said “everyone knows that you need to pre-register if you even want a shot at getting into these classes”. Well, this was news to me! I was left scrambling at the last minute to try and get into a writing class, and eventually found myself emailing the professor of 21W.755, Reading and Writing Short Stories. On the first day of class he made it clear that about half of us would be cut from roster. I was NOT going to go through that again and I knew I would DIE if I was left without a 21W for a single semester and the lecture was so freakin’ exciting and ahhhhhhh I just wanted to writeeeeeeeeee! And then I had a realization: I want to be a 21W minor, if not a major. SO I spent the rest of that day darting from office door to office door trying to get someone to make me a 21W minor. Apparently you can’t do that sort of thing in one day, but I managed to get someone from the writing department to vouch for me so I GOT A SPOT IN THE CLASS and I’M 50% HASS05 Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences BOI NOW.   Once those were all set, I knew I wanted to try and sneak into a gym class. And I did! Because I hate myself (or maybe love myself?) I put myself on the waitlist for High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT). You basically do really hard things really fast for a small amount of time with an even smaller breaks in between. I secretly love really intense workouts -something about meditating on the utility of pain or whatever- so I was pretty jazzed when I got added to the official class list. Wish me luck? So without further ado, my schedule! Classes: 8.02: standard MIT Physics II (i.e. electricity and magnetism). My professor is great. My TA is GREAT. My small group for TEAL is SUPER GREAT. Big ++. 6.08: Introduction to EECS via Embedded Electronics. This is my first lab-based class! There’s just one hour of lecture a week compared to five hours of lab time. We get to play with wires and Arduino for a few hours, which I think is super fun and interesting! I feel like I learn so much more so much faster when I get to work with my hands. 6.009: Fundamentals of Programming. I can already tell that this class is going to kick my ass, but in a good way. This class comes after 6.145 or 6.0001/2 pretty naturally, but the learning curve is a steep boi. I was forced to learn many things and attend many office hours the last two weeks, which I guess is kinda the point. I feel like this class is just throwing us into the deep end of the metaphorical pool and everyone has to decide if they’re gonna sink or learn how to swim before they drown. Which I guess is a way to learn. 21W.755: Reading and Writing Short Stories. It’s exactly what the name says it is. It’s nine hours of homework a week. It’s going to destroy me and I literally can’t wait. 21M.600: Intro to Acting. This is kinda just a taking-it-for-fun class. I took acting classes all throughout high school under some really talented teachers, and I wanted to see what it would be like on the college level. I’m also taking it with one of my good friends who’s a senior, so it’s nice to do something fun together before they graduate :( HIIT Gym Class. Two hours a week of training. Many more hours spent too sore to walk up the stairs of East Campus Put together, they look like this: Also look Im actually using a calendar now :) This set-up is really dope for me. Mondays and Fridays are pretty low-volume, so I can ease myself into and out of the weekend. Sure, my Tuesdays through Thursdays are pretty packed, but I’m okay with that. Things that aren’t classes but take time: My job: Not a UROP, just a run-of the mill job. It’ll be nice to make some money Caving club: not a super-huge time commitment, but I love this stuff so much. Hopefully I’ll be writing a caving club post soon! Staying in shape: One of my goals this semester is to start running on a regular basis again (yes, on top of HIIT). I want to work up to a 10k! I can already run about 5 miles consecutively, so I’m reeeaaaalll close. Just a quick note: Things that aren’t on my schedule are 1) MTG, and 2) a UROP. After my little IAP almost-slip-up, I want to make sure I’m giving myself the time to succeed now that we have grades. I’m all about that work-life balance, so although I love the idea of doing those two things, I think I’m gonna wait just a little longer before I add anymore to my plate. So yeah! Here I am, second semester. Come get me. I dare you. Fight me. COME AT ME BRO. Post Tagged #gonnagetswole #imissupnr #onedownsevenmoretogo #oohbabyyyyyyherewego The attitude that your grades don't really matter and you should do the bare minimum needed to pass your classes, usually resulting from MIT's pass/no-record policy for first-semester freshmen back to text ? Brief Introduction to Python. It's a short class that runs over IAP and gives you the pre-reqs for a lot of course 6 classes back to text ? A multivariable calculus class that runs into IAP back to text ? MIT's Writing course/major back to text ? Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences back to text ?

Status of the UN Security Council - Free Essay Example

The International court of justice held that it is for non-member states to act in accordance (sic) with those decisions (of the UN security council) ( Namibia Opinion (1971) para.126 ) Introduction The sources of public international law have been articulated within Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice; United Nations Security Council resolutions are not included within this. The Namibia Opinion, despite its suggestion in para.126, cannot be considered an authority for the proposition that Security Council resolutions are binding on non-member States, particularly read within the context of the ICJ judgement as a whole. Nor does the judgement support the view that UN Security Council resolutions are a source of public international law. More recently, however, there has been some support for the view that certain Security Council resolutions have taken on a legislative character, that the Security Council is becoming a legislature for the World and therefore becoming a law-making body. Not surprisingly, there are a number of States who have expressed concern with this view. This is not least because the Security Council appears to have extensive powers, which having little legal regulation and coupled with the fact that the organisation is highly undemocratic, does not afford the impartiality that is required for such a function. Security Council Resolutions The term resolution has been used in United Nations (UN) practice in a generic sense, but it includes broadly two kinds of statements: recommendations and decisions. When the International Court of Justice (ICJ) refers to Security Council resolutions, it reserves the expression decision for binding resolutions and recommendation for non-binding ones. Security Council resolutions are generally only binding on the addressee, which may be one member, some members, all members, or other UN organs. It can even be binding on those members of the Security Council which voted against it and those members of the United Nations who are not members of the Council. However, with regard to non-UN member states, Oberg has argued that the most coherent interpretation of a difficult passage in the Namibia Opinion rejects any direct binding effect. Therefore, it is argued that despite the ICJ statement in the Namibia opinion in that it is for non-member states to act in accordance (sic) with those decisions (of the UN Security Council), that such resolutions are not binding on non-member states. In general, treaties only bind parties, in accordance with the concept within international law that consent is required to be bound by such obligations. Finally, since almost all States are now members of the UN, it would be hard to find non-member States to be bound in this way. Sources of Public International Law The sources of public international law are articulated within Article 38 (1) of the Statute of the ICJ. These include international conventions, international custom, and general principles. Judicial decisions and academic writings are also subsidiary means of legal interpretation. Therefore, if UN Security Council resolutions are a source of public international law, they must fall within one of these categories. De Brichambaut has explained that since the Security Council adopts resolutions, it can be assumed that it creates norms within the institutional framework that is defined by the UN Charter. However, this does not mean that these norms are source of public international law, but that the Security Council can create rights and obligations with respect to UN member States. The Security Council therefore acts only in accordance with its authority as delineated within the UN Charter. Chapter VII UN Charter The Security Council is a political organ and makes political decisions; however, it does produce resolutions, which have legal consequences. It is a legally effective collective security system, and its activities are defined within Chapter VII of the UN Charter. If the Security Council therefore makes a determination that there has been a threat to peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression under Article 39, it may exercise powers pursuant to Articles 40 to 42 of the UN Charter. Since this concept has no definition within the UN Charter, it gives the Security Council the ability to exercise wide discretion. Once the conditions within Article 39 are satisfied, Article 40 enables the Security Council to impose provisional measures, which are legally binding on States. Article 41 then empowers the Security Council to impose economic or diplomatic sanctions, in order to give effect to the resolution. Finally, Article 42 authorises the Security Council to take action by air, sea or land forces to maintain or restore international peace and security. Therefore, the UN Security Council may appear to be imposing legal sanctions on states, however, the link between the Charter mechanisms for peace maintenance and the concept of legal sanctions is tenuous. The purpose of enforcement action is not: to maintain or restore the law, but to maintain, or restore peace, which is not necessarily identical with the law. Mandatory decisions under Chapter VII, triggered by Article 39, are the outcome of political considerations, not legal reasoning, nor are its proceedings subject to judicial procedures. The determination of what constitutes a threat to peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression is a selective and to a large extent arbitrary process. The Security Council is not required to match the gravity of the situation to its response and it is not required to adopt the measures provided under Chapter VII in any particular order. Therefore, it is hard to con ceive of the Security Council as a law-making body. Advisory Opinion on Namibia In the Namibia Opinion, the ICJ recalled that although non-member States are not bound by Article 24 and 25 of the UN Charter, that they had been called upon in Security Council resolution 276 (1970) to give assistance in the action which has been taken by the United Nations with regards to Namibia. The ICJ went on to say that any state entering into relations with South Africa concerning Namibia, could not expect the UN or its members to recognise such a relationship. Since the UN General Assembly Mandate of South Africa in Namibia had been terminated, and South Africas continued presence in Namibia been declared illegal the ICJ considered that it is for non-member States to act in accordance with those decisions. However, as Gowlland-Debbas has explained that Security Council determinations of illegality and invalidity are essentially declaratory and not intended to create the illegality or nullity of the acts in question. The powers of the Security Council cannot be considere d to be legislative powers therefore, even in a broad sense. As Judge Onyeama emphasised in his separate opinion in the Namibia case, stating: The declaration of illegality of the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia did not itself make such presence illegal; it was a statement of the Security Councils assessment of the legal quality of the situation created by South Africas failure to comply with the General Assemblys resolution it was in fact a judicial determination. Therefore, it is clear that the Security Council does not make the law and therefore its resolutions do not constitute a source of public international law. They do have a role however, in interpreting current law and contribute to the law-making process. Customary International Law Article 38 of the ICJ Statute refers to international custom, as evidence of general practice accepted as law. In the Fisheries case, Judge Read described customary international law as the generalisation of the practice of States. As Crawford has explained, it is the conclusion drawn by someone as to two related questions: (a) is there a general practice; (b) is it accepted as international law? A custom arises therefore when a particular practice has become general. It is considered that the practice of international organisations can constitute one element of State practice. In Libya/Malta Continental Shelf case, the ICJ explained that the substance of customary international law should be sought from State practice and opinio juris of States. Opinio juris may be obtained from General Assembly or Security Council resolutions, if their subject matter is not too restricted to particular circumstances. Therefore, although Security Council Resolutions are not a source of public inte rnational law, they do constitute State practice, which may contribute to customary international law. Treaty Law Article 103 UN Charter provides that obligations of member States under the UN Charter should prevail over other International agreements. Therefore, since Security Council Resolutions are obligations under the UN Charter, these can take precedence over International Treaties. However, Security Council resolutions are created using a very different process to Treaties. In the Kosovo advisory opinion, the ICJ considered factors relating to the interpretation of resolutions of the Security Council. They explained that Security Council resolutions are the product of a voting process provided for in Article 27 of the Charter, and the final text of such resolutions represents the view of the Security Council as a body. Interpretation of Security Council resolutions is also very different to interpretation of Treaties. According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the starting point is the intent of the parties, and the best evidence of common intent is the specific langu age of the treaty. In terms of Security Council Resolutions, their implications can be incredibly far reaching, particularly for the State against whom the enforcement measures are being taken. As Frowein has argued: such a resolution is the legal basis for the most severe encroachment upon the sovereignty of a member of the United Nations. Therefore, although such resolutions have considerable impact and may even take precedence over Treaty law, they are essentially only a source of rights and obligations for member States of the UN and not a source of public international law. Security Council as Lawmaker Despite the fact that Security Council Resolutions cannot be considered to be sources of international law, there are many areas where the Security Council has made significant contributions to the body of international law. These areas have been enumerated by Michael Wood and include statehood: recognition and non-recognition; the law of treaties; State responsibility; international criminal law; international humanitarian law; international human rights law; and the international administration of territory. Reference has been made to the Security Council as a World Legislature and it has been suggested that a new legislative stage started with the adoption of Resolution 1373 on September 28, 2001. The president of the UN Security Council, in referring to the planned adoption of Resolution 1540 of April 28, 2004, described the ongoing consultation process for that resolution as the first major step towards having the Security Council legislate for the rest of the United Nation s membership. Krisch has even gone so far as to say that [b]y means of its enforcement powers, the Security Council has in fact replaced the conventional law-making process on the international level. Talmon has claimed that the hallmark of any international legislation is the general and abstract character of the obligation imposed. He suggests that Security Resolutions are framed in this manner. For example Resolution 1390, relating to the freezing of Al Qaeda assets, exhibit the characteristics of the legislative or generic resolution. This kind of resolution has also been referred to as a resolution, not in response to a particular fact situation. Therefore, it is argued that these resolutions are similar to obligations entered into states as international agreements. These new legislative or generic resolutions therefore have been referred to as international legislation. At the same time, there are those who express concern at the Security Councils increasing tendency to assume new and wider powers on behalf of the international community, by passing resolutions which are binding on all member States. There are others who express the opinion that the Council has no such legislative authority, claiming that the purported enactment of global legislation is not consistent with the provisions of the United Nations Charter. There may be some justification in these concerns, after all the UN Security Council is a political institution and not a legal one. It is also a highly undemocratic and has few legal constraints upon its own actions. Therefore, if it is the case that UN Security Council Resolutions are making their way into the realms of public international law via this route, then this appears to be a dangerous step. Conclusion The ICJs Namibia Opinion did not make Security Council resolutions binding on non-member states. Although paragraph 126 has been referred to as a difficult paragraph, taking the judgement as a whole it is hard to arrive at this conclusion. It is also clear that this judgment did not impact upon Security Council resolutions status as a source of public international law. Although such resolutions may add to the body of state practice which influences the development of customary international law, these resolutions cannot be considered law in themselves. Nevertheless, there is a growing body of opinion that has spoken of the legislative function of the Security Council and has identified certain generic or legislative resolutions. Some UN Member States have expressed the view that these are the beginnings of a legislative function within the Security Council. There are clear dangers in recognising this view, the Security Council is first and foremost a political and not a law making body and appears to lack the impartiality required to fulfil such a function. References Cases Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2010, 404 Fisheries (UK V Norway). ICJ Reports 1951 Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971 https://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/53/5595.pdf accessed 15th February 2013 Libya/Malta Continental Shelf case, ICJ Reports 29-30 Books Crawford, James Brownlies Principles of Public International Law, 8th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012 p.23 De Brichambaut, Marc Perrin, The role of the UN Security Council, in Michael Byers (Ed.) The Role of Law in International Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000 Dixon, Martin, McCorquodale, Robert and Williams,Sarah, Cases and Materials on International Law, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011 Harris, David J. Cases and Materials on International Law, 7th edition, Sweet Maxwell, London, 2010 Kelsen, Hans, Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of its Fundamental Problems, The Lawbook Exchange, New Jersey, 2000 OBrien, John, International Law Abingdon, Routledge-Cavendish, 2009 Walter, Christian, VÃÆ' ¶neky, Silja, RÃÆ' ¶ben, Volker and Schorkopf, Frank (eds) Terrorism as a challenge for National and International Law: Security versus liberty? Springer, Heidelberg, 2004 Journal Articles Gowlland-Debas, Vera, Security Council enforcement action and issues of state responsibility, (1994) 43(1) International Comparative Law Quarterly, 55-98 ÃÆ'–berg, Marco Divac, The legal effects of resolutions of the UN Security Council and General Assembly on the jurisprudence of the ICJ (2005) , 16(5) European Journal of International Law, 879-906 Talmon, Stefan, The Security Council as World Legislature, (2005) 99(1) American Journal of International Law, 175-193 Yee, Sienho, The dynamic interplay between the interpreters of Security Council à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °resolutions. (2012) 11(4) Chinese Journal of International law, 613-622 Web References Press Briefing, Press Conference by Security Council President https://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2004/pleugerpc.DOC.htm accessed 15th February 2013 UN Doc. S/PV 4950 https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chap%20VII%20SPV%204950.pdf accessed at 15th February 2013 Wood, Michael, The UN Security Council and International Law: The Legal Framework of the Security Council, Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures, First Lecture, 7th November 2006 https://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/lectures/pdf/2006_hersch_lecture_1.pdf accessed 13th February 2013 Wood, Michael, The UN Security Council and International Law: The Security Council and the use of Force, Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures, Third Lecture, 9th November 2006 https://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/lectures/pdf/2006_hersch_lecture_3.pdf accessed 13th February 2013

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Processes

All living things need a continuous supply of energy to keep their cells functioning normally and to stay healthy. Some organisms, called autotrophs, can produce their own energy using sunlight or other energy sources through processes such as ​photosynthesis. Others, like humans, need to eat food in order to produce energy. However, that is not the type of energy cells use to function. Instead, they use a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to keep themselves going. The cells, therefore, must have a way to take the chemical energy stored in food and transform it into the ATP they need to function. The process cells undergo to make this change is called cellular respiration. Two Types of Cellular Processes Cellular respiration can be aerobic (meaning with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen). Which route the cells take to create the ATP depends solely on whether or not there is enough oxygen present to undergo aerobic respiration. If there is not enough oxygen present for aerobic respiration, then some organisms will resort to using anaerobic respiration or other anaerobic processes such as fermentation. Aerobic Respiration In order to maximize the amount of ATP made in the process of cellular respiration, oxygen must be present. As eukaryotic species evolved over time, they became more complex with more organs and body parts. It became necessary for cells to be able to create as much ATP as possible to keep these new adaptations running properly. Early Earths atmosphere had very little oxygen. It wasnt until after autotrophs became abundant and released large amounts of oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis that aerobic respiration could evolve. The oxygen allowed each cell to produce many times more ATP than their ancient ancestors that relied on anaerobic respiration. This process happens in the cell organelle called the mitochondria. Anaerobic Processes More primitive are  the processes that many organisms undergo when not enough oxygen is present. The most commonly known anaerobic processes are known as fermentation.  Most anaerobic processes start  out the same way as aerobic respiration, but they stop  partway through the pathway because the oxygen is not available for it to finish the aerobic respiration process, or they join with another molecule that is not oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Fermentation makes many fewer ATP and also releases byproducts of either lactic acid or alcohol, in most cases. Anaerobic processes can happen in the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm of the cell. Lactic acid fermentation is the type of anaerobic process humans undergo if there is a shortage of oxygen. For example, long distance runners experience a buildup of lactic acid in their muscles because they are not taking in enough oxygen to keep up with the demand of energy needed for the exercise. The lactic acid can even cause cramping and soreness in the muscles as time goes on. Alcoholic fermentation does not happen in humans. Yeast is a good example of an organism that undergoes alcoholic fermentation. The same process that goes on in the mitochondria during lactic acid fermentation also happens in alcoholic fermentation. The only difference is that the byproduct of alcoholic fermentation is ethyl alcohol. Alcoholic fermentation is important for the beer industry. Beer makers add yeast which will undergo alcoholic fermentation to add alcohol to the brew. Wine fermentation is also similar and provides the alcohol for the wine. Which is Better? Aerobic respiration is much more efficient at making ATP than anaerobic processes like fermentation. Without oxygen, the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration get backed up and will not work any longer. This forces the cell to undergo the much less efficient fermentation. While aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP, the different types of fermentation  can only have a net gain of 2 ATP. Evolution and Respiration It is thought that the most ancient type of respiration is anaerobic. Since there was little to no oxygen present when the first eukaryotic cells evolved through endosymbiosis, they could only undergo anaerobic respiration or something similar to fermentation. This was not a problem, however, since those first cells were unicellular. Producing only 2 ATP at a time was enough to keep the single cell running. As multicellular eukaryotic organisms began to appear on Earth, the larger and more complex organisms needed to produce more energy. Through natural selection, organisms with more mitochondria that could undergo aerobic respiration survived and reproduced, passing on these favorable adaptations to their offspring. The more ancient versions could no longer keep up with the demand for ATP in the more complex organism and went extinct.

The Transformation Of Housing Discrimination Toward...

The Transformation of Housing Discrimination toward African American One of the American Dreams, home ownership, still inspiriting people to work hard and pursue their dream. In order to achieve a â€Å"color blind† society, the government set many policies to ensure everyone received the equal opportunities when they try to buy a house in the U.S. For example, the Fair Housing Act as a tool to prohibit the discrimination from color, race, gender, religion or family status (Wolf, Heath). However, there are many invisible rules or requirements that cause African American unable to access to home ownership base on the housing policy system. Because of the system, it makes the housing discrimination on African American even bigger. Of course,†¦show more content†¦Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) and Fair Housing Administration (FHA) are the roots to create housing discrimination toward minority especially for African American; they help the mortgage lender to make excuses to deny the loan to African American because they do not meet the requirements. During 1928, there was a huge crisis in stock market and caused many banks close and people faced foreclosure. In order to respond the crisis, president Roosevelt signed the Homeowners Refinancing Act to slow down the rate of housing foreclosures during 1930s (Hillier). This policy helped a hundred million people who was suffering from the depression and facing to lose their houses (Hillier). In addition, it also help many people refinanced their mortgage with low interest rate (Aalbers). The Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) used HOLC to establish a program to â€Å"appraise real estate risk levels in 239 cities† (Hillier), which â€Å"produced detailed reports for each city along with a series of now infamous security maps that assigned residential areas a grade from one to four† (Hillier). Because of the neighborhood rating system, â€Å"the HOLC was also instrumental in implementing and institutionalizing redlining practices† (Aalbers) that do not

Power Definitions and Examples in Sociology

Power is a key sociological concept with several meanings and considerable disagreement surrounding them. Lord Acton famously noted, â€Å"Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely.† While many in power have, indeed, become corrupted and even despotic, others have used their influence to fight for injustice and to aid the oppressed. As some definitions of power show, society as a whole may be the true holders of power. Webers Definition The most common definition comes from Max Weber, who defined it as the ability to control others, events, or resources; to make happen what one wants to happen in spite of obstacles, resistance, or opposition. Power is a thing that is held, coveted, seized, taken away, lost, or stolen, and it is used in what are essentially adversarial relationships involving conflict between those with power and those without. Weber laid out three types of authority from which power is derived: TraditionalCharismaticLegal/Rational Britains Queen Elizabeth would be an example of traditional authority. She holds power because the monarchy has done so for centuries, and she inherited her title. A charismatic authority would be someone who gets their power through their personal abilities to sway people. Such a person can vary widely from a spiritual or ethical leader like Jesus Christ, Gandhi or Martin Luther King Jr. all the way to a tyrant like Adolf Hitler. A legal/rational authority is the type put in place by democratic governments or even what might be seen on a smaller level in the workplace in a relationship between a supervisor and subordinate. Marxs Definition In contrast, Karl Marx used the concept of power in relation to social classes and social systems rather than individuals. He argued that power rests in a social class’s position in the relations of production. Power does not lie in the relationship between individuals, but in domination and subordination of social classes based on the relations of production. According to Marx, only one person or group at a time can have power—the working class or the ruling class. In capitalism, according to Marx, the ruling class wields power over the working class, with the ruling class owning the means of production. Capitalist values, therefore, spill down throughout society. Parsons Definition A third definition comes from Talcott Parsons who argued that power is not a matter of social coercion and domination. Instead, he said, power flows from a social system’s potential to coordinate human activity and resources to accomplish goals. Parsons view is sometimes called the variable-sum approach, as opposed to other views, which are seen as a constant-sum. In Parsons view, power is not constant or fixed but capable of increasing or decreasing. This is best seen in democracies where voters can give power to a politician in one election, then take it away again in the next. Parsons compares voters in this way to depositors at a bank, who can deposit their money but are free to remove it as well. To Parsons, then, power resides in society as a whole, not with a single individual or small group of the powerful elite.

Management Of International Mobility - 1352 Words

This model identifies that management of international mobility entails the need to take a holistic approach to all aspects of the assignment process. (Sparrow, Brewster and Harris, 2004) However, although the model has its advantages in terms of pre-assignment preparation, some of the stages however do bring about some complexities for IM managers as outlined for by (Sparrow, Brewster and Harris, 2004) Selection- the need for precise recruitment and selection is needed; IM managers need to pay close attention to interpersonal and cross-cultural skills in potential assignees. As this will determine how they interact with locals and the subsequent success of the assignment. (Barham Wills, 1992) In practise however, the criteria for the majority of assignment candidates tends to be based on their technical competence and job knowledge. Rather than paired with the previously mentioned skills. This puts a great importance on the practise in use of ‘soft skills’ and ‘hard skills’ mixture for a successful assignment. (Sparrow, Brewster and Harris, 2004; Morley and Flynn, 2003) A MNC has many choices regarding their staffing policies when recruiting for assignments; these come under different forms depending on the company’s preferences in terms of skills. †¢ Ethnocentric approach- Using Home country staff †¢ Polycentric approach- Using Host country staff †¢ Geocentric approach- Using staff from any parts of the world (Pelmutters, 1969) Performance measurement- (Fenwick, 2004)Show MoreRelated1. Abstract . We Have Little Knowledge About The Report,1693 Words   |  7 Pages1. ABSTRACT We have little knowledge about the report, we are discussing about the global talent management (GTM) and the role of the corporate human resource function in multinational corporations. International mobility its new forms, increased global talents hunting are the two perspectives of GTM. 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The HR Trend – Greater (Job) Mobility Human resources professionals who have sole HR responsibilities for their organization are faced with 10 trends affecting HRM. Thus, planning for and adapting to these changes in the workplace becomes an integral part of the HR professional’s job. The video highlights ten (10) trend affecting human resources management, one such being Greater (Job) Mobility. According to the Video, â€Å"You may find that more of your employees are willing to take short termRead MoreChallenges And Implications Of Human Resource Management1393 Words   |  6 Pagesresource management is arguably one of the most important departments in every organization. Just like other departments in the organization human resource management faces its share of challenges. One of the major challenges the department has been facing in the recent past is the trend in the mobility of human resources (Caulfield, 2010). 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Americans health Free Essays

string(58) " consumption of the growth hormone when it stays below 1\." Americans are becoming more concerned with their health than ever before. This included regular exercise and as well as the quality of their diet. This has become a current phenomenon in the last few decades which the American public has yet to see before. We will write a custom essay sample on Americans health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another recent development in the ways in which Americans regard the quality of their diet, is in the quality of the foods that they eat. The push now is for organic foods from livestock which were treated humanely. The injection of hormones into our nation’s cattle, many can say is an example of abuse towards the animals. This may or may not be true. However, hormone injection does offer a myriad of health problems which has caused the European Union as well as the nation of Japan, to be very reluctant in accepting beef imports from the United States in recent years. This has resulted in trade disputes and a sizable trade deficit between America and these two governing bodies. However, it is in the opinion of the EU, Japan and a sizable percentage of the American people, who are weary of scientifically altering one’s cattle in the face of higher profits. What makes hormone injections even more dangerous is the long lasting half life of the hormone injections which the cattle are forced to inject into their body. The hormones do not leave the cattle when it is slaughtered. This alone brings enough danger to the safety of the meat but the hormones continue to exist in the waste of the cow as well as in the sweat secretions of the cattle as well. This allows a further spread of the hormone and thus multiplies and creates environmental as well as health concerns which have only recently been addressed through the demands of a concerned public. However, in the face of such concerns, the beef industry will not be compelled to make the necessary changes unless forced to do so by Congress as there is simply too much money to be made in the eyes of the owners. Since the 1970’s, our nation’s cattle have been injected with growth hormones for the simple reason that such practices yield more profit for the owner. The cow grows larger than the cattle ever would have on his own and does so at a faster pace. This allows the cattle rancher to slaughter the cattle which will yield a larger supply of beef and at a faster pace; thus decreasing the time, cost and effort that the cattle owner would otherwise have to spend on the feeding and housing of the cattle. It is a win/win situation for the cattle owner and as a result, a high majority of the more than 33 million cattle which are slaughtered each year for the human consumption of their meat have within their systems, beef growth hormones. It seems surprising that such a wide spread practice would not have received more attention that it has in the recent past. Except for the high profile libel suit by the cattle owners of America against Oprah Winfrey who raised suspicion about the safety of the beef industry in America back in 2002; a libel suit which was eventually thrown out, there has been little concern by the American public as a whole, concerning the assumed damage which beef hormones cause in our nation’s cattle. This high level of apathy seems to now be a thing of the past as the number of concerned Americans grows exponentially. On January 1, 1989, the European community, now called the European Union, placed a ban on American beef imports where growth hormones were used. By the late 1980’s, this would constitute a very large percentage of America’s beef supply and a blow was sent to America’s beef industry. However much this decision riled the beef industry in America, such decisions were not without reason. Europe had become fearful of the growth hormone, diethylstilbestrol, the hormone used in making cattle grow past their normal size, since the 1980’s. This hormone was also seen in baby foods and there were more than a number of tragic cases in which small children were subject to brain defects from the injection of their baby food. It was because of growing fears against the hormone, as well as actual cases of Europeans that had gotten sick, that the ban was put in place. The ban was not geared only towards American but all countries in the world where Europe got their meat from. The ban was widespread and universal. Europe then, as well as now, has expressed their overwhelming preference for hormone free meat. Other countries have complied with the wish but America still continues to treat a large majority of its cattle with growth hormone in the desire to increase profits. These decisions are contrary to what the Federal Food and Drug Administration, in alliance with the US Department of Agriculture, have decided that beef that are treated with this hormone create no danger in those that eat it. This may be from the motivation of profits more than the safety of the cattle as well as the people who eat it. Cattle which are treated with this growth hormone, can expect to reach its targeted weight of 1,000 lbs 21 days sooner than cattle which are not treated with the hormone. Also, the relatively low cost of the hormone treatment; $1 per implant, yields a cost of more than $100 a head. This is sought in what is often times, a relatively unstable industry. There is a great deal of money to be made or lost with this decision and the United States has continued to fight the decisions by the EU and Japan over what they see to be blatant examples of unfair trade practices. The United States points to a 1988 report by the World Health Organization which states that human consumption of the growth hormone when it stays below 1. You read "Americans health" in category "Papers" 4 and 2. 1 micro kilograms provides no safety scare for the people who consume the meat. What was not shown by the United States was the fact that in the nearly twenty years since this report was published, the among of growth hormones which are injected into the cattle now exceed these paltry amounts as in America, the belief seems to be: more is better. Cattle are getting larger and larger every few years. The reason for this is overwhelm from growth hormones as the improved quality of the foods which the cattle now feed on, would never be able to yield such dramatic results as what is currently being seen in America’s cattle. Specifically, growth hormones have been thought to create the most damage in women and in small girls. Cancer can develop in the breasts as well as colon and pancreas. Also, â€Å"the growth hormone can cause girls to reach puberty at a faster clip than what is natural. † This is a key theme to the growth hormone as it speeds up the natural processes of the body and wreaks havoc on the internal organs of those who are treated with the hormone. It is believed that the levels of growth hormone which the cattle injects, does not completely pass from the meet to the individual and that the hormone is not meant for direct human consumption. What serves as the most dangerous aspect of this, are the occurrences when the hormone is not kept in the strict environment in which it was designed. When the growth hormone passes at a higher concentrated level than what is advised, either through human error, the beef industry being ignorant as to the modes of transportation that the hormone can take, or in the differences in the rate at which the cattle injects the hormone, adverse reactions will and have occurred. There are more than just the immediate health concerns which need to be examined. The strong half life of these hormones add to the environmental concerns which now need to be addressed, A large portion of the hormone passes through the feces of the cow and ends up in the environment and through the normal ecological system, can easily end up in other foods as well as the drinking water of the public. This could create a very large problem, not only for the cattle but also those who have the misfortune of consuming the water. It has been reported that cattle that have drunk downstream from cattle that have been treated with growth hormone have been underweight and have been subjective to a high level of health concerns and problems. In Central Illinois, this occurred but was not caught in time by the cattle rancher at the time. The cow was slaughtered with a high level of growth hormone within his body and the meat, officials now believe, was highly tainted and not only posed a serious threat to those who ate the meat, but in reality, caused a number of very sick individuals who took weeks to recover from their ailments. As it is very hard to pinpoint where the beef went, the FDA was able to nearly pinpoint where the beef was consumed and can only point out that such a high level of coincidence is not plausible. It is the mismanagement of this hormone which is creating concern in many of the country’s scientists and environmentalists. â€Å"We said that we would not be surprised if large levels of these hormones showed up in the nation’s drinking supply. † This, according to John McClain, director for the Centers of Biological Research states recently. Dr. McClain also states that he estimates that more than thirteen tons of the hormone DES is released into the nation’s drinking water every year. Not only does he state that such amounts will create an adverse living environment among the wildlife in the area, but for the people as well who have the misfortune of consuming the water as well. The concerns continue to mount as the United States and Canada stubbornly insist that there is no reason for alarm and that their cattle will continue to be fed this growth hormone. Scientists for the beef industry continue to claim that either the evidence is inconclusive or that no danger is presented to the general population as the levels of hormone which s used to treat the cattle is so minute as never to be able to cause harm of any kind. â€Å"The growth hormone which is used to treat our nation’s cattle, poses no threat to the environment or the people whom it comes in contact with. Our nation’s beef supply is safe to eat. † Although not to the same degree, such statements are reminiscent to the tobacco’s responses in the 1970’s and 1980’s concerning the growing concern over the safety of smoking cigarettes. Such statements were accepted by the general public when there did not exist, enough evidence to refute such statements but when it became clear that smoking caused cancer and other such diseases, such statements were no longer accepted. Many in the scientific community believe that the beef industry is going to suffer a similar fate if they continue to refute the concerns of the scientific community over the human consumption and environmental reactions when coming in contact with these growth hormones. Another concern is the safety of the milk which comes directly from cattle; many of whom are being treated with the growth hormone. A larger cow will create a higher yield of milk for its owner; thus increasing profits. The growth hormone BHG is often used to increase milk production in cows. However, the FDA’s decision in 1993 to allow for the treatment of cows with this hormone is outdated. This is a common theme which can be seen in much of the American research concerning the safety of growth hormones. The scientific research, or simply an expression of concern within the European Union, is relatively recent whereas the American research community is not being allowed to conduct the proper number of tests on the effects of the growth hormone. Either that or their findings are being refuted. There have been a number of concerns by large bodies of farmers and cattle growers in such situations. In 1994, the Wisconsin Farmers Union started a national hotline for concerned dairy farmers who were concerned over the quality of their milk from cows who had been subjected to the growth hormone. One New York dairy farmer was forced to replace 135 out of his entire herd of 200 cows because the growth hormone that he fed his cows, produced milk that was tainted. The growth hormone also led to hoof disease as well as open sores and eternal bleeding on more than a few of his cows. This should lead to a third tier of concern over the treatment of cattle with the growth hormone. Not only does the hormone present dangers to the population which consumes the meat and the environment which absorbs the waste products of the cattle, but the cattle itself. In the same way that steroids and other human growth hormones present stronger and faster athletes, only to yield a number of health concerns in the future, so too is the reaction of cattle who are subjective to the hormone. Usually, this is not a problem for cattle which is to be slaughtered by the end of the month as the hormone usually is not given enough time to cause damage in the cattle. However, cows which are used primarily for the milk that they give and thus are allowed to live, this increases the chances that adverse reactions within the cow will show itself within the cow. This is to be expected as â€Å"the growth hormones which are given to cows, creates an unnatural environment for the cow and as a result, the animal will often times react adversely and diseases will spread. † Also, cows who are forced to yield an unnatural amount of milk; a level which their bodies were not meant to provide, often times leaves the cow malnourished and sickly from an over stimulation of the cow’s body. This will lead to a shorter life span for these cows which are used to yield milk to its owner. A burn out effect for the cow will follow and whether the meat is fit for human consumption or not, the cow will simply be destroyed as his useful life on earth has been prematurely cut short through science and in the face of higher profits. Despite the evidence that the treatment of growth hormones creates in cows and in the people who eat and drink the milk and meat which these cattle provide, the FDA and other government sponsored scientific communities have stubbornly insisted that there is no adverse reactions on any level, to the consuming of the byproducts of cattle that have been previously treated with this growth hormone. Not only would the FDA be reluctant to place any restrictions or at least warning labels on such beef, they prohibited dairies from making such claims on their own products or in the press. There seemed to be a moratorium on the issue. However, the dates which these FDA rulings are more than ten years in the past as there has been a severe shortage of current government supported evidence from the United States to show to findings to the claims that growth hormones in our nation’s beef supply, results in the negative health effects which the rest of the developed world believes to be the case. The common use of growth hormones has resulted in a number of differences. According to Science News, more than 80% of US feedlots inject cattle with growth hormones and that traces of the growth hormone were still seen in the typical cow, more than 195 days after the initial treatment. This is important especially with cows which are used primarily for milk as the cow’s milk supply can be tainted for more than six months from a single treatment. Also, in what seems to be the reason behind the treatment of cows with growth hormones; in 1950, the typical cow produced more than 5300 pounds of milk a year. Today, a cow which has been treated with growth hormones, can expect to yield an amazing 18,000 pounds of milk a year. However, what advantages are given when many believe that this milk is tainted? This only increased the chances that the American consumer will be adversely affected by drinking what the FDS tells him to be safe and good for the body. There is a major difference in the FDA and USDA’s take on the apparent health concerns over the treatment of the nation’s cattle being subjected to growth hormones in order to increase production of their meat and milk, as opposed to what the rest of the world is stating. This is a problem which must be addressed. There is a great deal of money to be made or lost as well as the entire way of life for thousands of the nation’s cattle ranchers and others who are involved in getting the meat to our tables. This comes from the sheer number of tons of beef which Americans consume on a yearly basis as well as the fact that the alternative which is offered in our nation’s supermarkets, often times costs more than twice the price of beef which has been subjected with growth hormones. Coupled with this fact, the claims made by the Food and Drug Administration which states that the consumption of growth hormones is safe; many people will believe this to be the case and will blindly continue their previous eating habits with no concern for what the rest of the world claims to be the dangers of eating such meats. The evidence which the FDA and other government sponsored organizations are more than ten years old and in some cases, are reaching twenty years old whereas the scientific research which has compelled the European Union as well as Japan to implement bans on the trade of US beef, is much more recent. This fact alone should at least compel Americans to ask the question: â€Å"How safe is the meat and milk which comes from cows who are treated with growth hormones. † There is a push for more organic foods as well since many believe that the injection of hormones in not only beef but also our nation’s fruits and vegetables in order to grow gigantic and unnatural tomatoes and potatoes, can only create further health concerns as it is believed that the consumer is consuming a higher percentage of chemicals and hormones than the natural elements of these fruits and vegetables which people seek to help them maintain a healthy lifestyle. Growth hormones affect our nation’s beef supply in a number of different ways. First, it affects the life and health of the cow, affects the environment and the wildlife and fish through the fact that the hormone can be introduced to the environment though the feces of the animal as well as the resilient characteristics of the hormone itself, as well as affect the milk which the cow yields to the American public. As a result, major governing bodies in the world have placed a ban on beef, not only from America but in numerous parts of the world, where the cattle have been subject to growth hormones. It would behoove the entire American public to stress the importance of up to date scientific research in order to conclude that measures need to be put in place which will forever ensure that the food which we eat, is safe; safe not only for us but for the environment. WORKS CITED Carlson, Laurie An Informal Social History. New York: Ivan Dee Publisher 2001 Meinkle, James Beef Hormones Contributes to Mad Cow Disease London: The Guardian July 5, 1998 Narlikar, Armita The World Trade Organization London: Oxford 2005 Nelson, Gerald Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture New York: Academic Press. 2004 Naloff, Janet. Hormones: Here’s the Beef www. sciencenews. org Downloaded July 28, 2007 Penske, James. Beef Hormones Believed to Contribute to Health Concerns Charleston Times Courier June 8, 2005 www. FDA. gov United States Food and Drug Administration Downloaded July 27, 2007 www. USDA. gov United States Department of Agriculture How to cite Americans health, Papers