The Effect of Osmosis on Potato Tissue When Placed In Different Essay

The Effect of Osmosis on Potato Tissue When Placed In Different Concentrations of Sugar Solutions - Essay Example This is as opposed to the potato cut in the main measuring utencil in which just 1 teaspoon of sugar was broken down and which has contracted the least. This pilot trial will presently be led in a substantially more precise manner and the examination will manage sugar in moles per liter of arrangement and the weight contrast of the potato cuts will be resolved so as to relate the sugar arrangement molarity with the adjustment in weight of the potato cut. Theory Place potato tissues of similar measurements and weight and taken from a similar potato in sugar arrangements of various molarities (a proportion of fixation for example the quantity of moles of sugar present in 1 liter of arrangement), all at a similar temperature and weight, at that point assimilation happens and there will be a distinction in the loads of potato cuts in the various examples. Materials expected to direct the test a sharp blade, a gauging balance, 4 measuring utencils, 4 potato cuts, sugar arrangements of various convergences of sugar-0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M and water with no sugar broke up in it. (around 68F/20C) and pressure.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Reflection - Essay Example particle, oil and other buyer items, for example, Band-Aid, Neutrogena, Listerine and Tylenol have demonstrated, on numerous occasions, that they are sheltered to utilize and that they were made to serve the requirements and requests of purchasers who are wellbeing cognizant and delicate. All things considered, Johnson and Johnson’s the board successfully thought of the â€Å"why† factor first which is to cook first to serving and tending to the wellbeing needs and prosperity of their clients, more than others. Contemplating the â€Å"why† factor in my own life, individuals can comprehend my â€Å"why† without really letting them know through showing my own convictions, qualities and ways of thinking in the activities and conduct that is seen by others. For instance, on the off chance that I immovably have faith in displaying just and reasonable treatment to other people, regardless of assorted variety in social, ethnic, or racial foundations, I ought to have the option to demonstrate equivalent and only treatment to all through conveying and cooperating with others in a conscious and amiable way consistently. In like manner, the message that my â€Å"why† of authority would concentrate on displaying attributes and initiative style that would be a motivation to other people and would make them similarly moving to those they meet. This would require holding fast to moral, good and lawful sets of accepted rules and conduct that show certified duty and regard to esteeming the turn of events and development of individuals I lead. In doing as such, these supporters would be ordered to imitate my authority style and help with sharing and applying that rousing style to other people. A similar message would be transferred to individuals who are directing me. At the point when they see that I could be a motivation to my devotees through the moral, good and legitimate measures of driving others; at that point, ideally, they would likewise be enlivened to follow a similar style in driving. A basic case of a period in my life when I accept my activities were rousing to others is by demonstrating devotion and duty in accomplishing praiseworthy scholarly

New Product Idea/Business Plan Essays - Mobile Telecommunications

New Product Idea/Business Plan Official Summary Since the primary cell phone systems really got started in the mid 1980's, development in quantities of supporters has reliably surpassed even the most hopeful estimates. Indeed, even in the most progressive markets, this development gives little indication of easing back, and in the interim, new markets are quickening quickly. Cell communication was created by AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph), in it's Bell research facilities. It works by assigning a range of radio station frequencies to broadcast communications frameworks. The radio station frequencies are partitioned and alloted to a system of radio base stations each answerable for the inclusion of a specific geological region known as a cell, consequently the name cell communication. Our item will take all the advantages of present day pc and cell innovation and will make it significantly more compact than existing PDAs. We will empower the buyer to have a much littler, increasingly effective specialized gadget that will assist them with making their lives simpler and correspondence progressively pleasurable. The cost won't be low, yet will be reasonable when contrasted and the advantages. This item will be a hot thing for people from varying backgrounds. Specialists will cherish it, guardians will storm the stores for it, and understudies will ask their folks for one for Christmas or graduation. The highlights gave by the item will far exceed the very good quality expense. With youngsters having PDAs and an enthusiasm for the Internet and email, it is normal that we may present increasingly in vogue and marginally more affordable model for them also. They have a high extra cash, and are an exceptionally rewarding objective market. Selling of this item will occur through mobile phone suppliers. As the item requires PCS administration, it will require a supplier. Their stores bode well in which to advertise the item as the buyer is there to buy administration, and will clearly require the hardware to utilize the administration. Evaluating of the item ought to be consistent, with moderate increments and diminishes as the selling seasons license. Introductory value decrease advancements will be justified similar to the case with most new items. After there is an item acknowledgment and thankfulness in the market costs can be come back to typical, and maybe even expanded somewhat when we gracefully extra innovation and additionally includes. Foundation The main versatile cell arrange administrators started utilizing simple innovation for their first systems since it was the main accessible and winning innovation of that time. Simple innovation depends on the transmission of sound by method of radio waves through an Analog Mobile Phone System (AMPS). Lamentably, the simple systems are restricted, in that they experience the ill effects of extreme limit impediments. There are gathering and obstruction issues, they are additionally less secure to prying ears and above all from a client perspective, inclusion is limited. Alongside the extension of clients there was additionally a worry about the accessibility of data transfer capacity as the radio recurrence became stuffed. Such issues clearly prompted the interest for an as good as ever elective, so along came computerized innovation (Encarta 1996). The new advanced systems utilize their allocated radio recurrence's more productively than simple and sound is transmitted by PC code as opposed to by waves. This empowers the system to convey a higher limit of calls of a higher gathering quality and empowers the client access to a more extensive number of cutting edge highlights, for example, Personal Digital Assistants, (PDA's), versatile faxing and remote email. The second option in contrast to cell is PCS or PCN. This represents Personal Communication Service/Network. It isn't excessively not quite the same as advanced cell, aside from it utilizes a lot more handsets and base stations (five fold the number). A preferred position of PCN is that the transfer speed is marginally bigger, so more data can be passed and the handsets are increasingly alluring to the client. Anyway a major issue with PCN is that it is exorbitant to develop a system. In spite of the expense, PCN has taken off well, especially in the USA. In 1993 the US government put in a safe spot an extent of the wireless transmissions for PCN. It characterized 992 locales, inside which it trusted organizations would need to work. The central government at that point offered licenses to PCN

Deviant behavior within cults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Degenerate conduct inside religions - Essay Example As per a gauge approximately (3,000) of such cliques have been accounted for to exist everywhere throughout the world with an absolute populace of in any event 3,000,000 individuals joined to them as their adherents. The mystery strict services in Greek were actually called the Mysteries. The historical backdrop of Mysteries is followed back to the times of old Greece in the year 600 B.C. when in a Greek city Eleusis, the individuals rehearsed a faction of Eleusinian Mysteries. Those Greek who rehearsed this faction, which included the love of Demeter, the goddess of fruitfulness, were guaranteed endowments in the existence from this point forward. In antiquated Rome the gathering, including for the most part of warriors, and having a place with the 'Mithraism Cult' likewise rehearsed Mysteries. The individuals from this religion venerated the lord of fire and light called Mithra. (Raitt, Jill., n.p.n.d.) It was difficult to turn into an individual from a religion in old occasions. Prior to their induction into a specific religion, individuals needed to experience thorough trial of their understanding and steadfast adherence. A portion of the means and component including enlistment of new individuals into the faction included: 2. The new contestants at that point make a vow and vow for their adherence to the religion in order to become lasting part. The individuals build up a feeling of having a place with that specific faction whose enrollment they achieve. The adherents of the faction at that point start to soak up inside them the qualities of clique, their attitude changing over into solid devotion to the gathering as signified by the expression Us versus Them 3. Belief of the individuals: Members step by step are made to build up a conviction that it is just they or their gathering which is on the way of truth. Furthermore, different types of truth as portrayed in different supernaturally religions become good for nothing to them. The procedure of usable exclusivists becomes possibly the most important factor permitting familiarity with a few unrevealed authoritative opinions and unique data just to the individuals who are intrigued and demonstrated their dependability inside the gathering. 4. The regular result of this conviction is the isolation of such a gathering from the current society. The sentiments of threatening vibe for different citizenry who are not individuals from such a clique are exuded from the procedure of influence from religion's convictions. 5. Self-refutation: Cults request penance of individual wishes, wants or wishes from its individuals. It is through the act of this guideline of self-nullification that individuals show readiness to forfeit their self-comfort, getting along without cash, and squashing their driven dreams for satisfying religions thought processes and the supposed salvation The Modern Cults As the time passed, the significance of religion experienced a change particularly after 1960s. The new definition

Second Semester Schedule + Thoughts

Second Semester Schedule + Thoughts Oooooooohhhh boy. A new semester has begun! I know this post is kinda late, but I thought I should wait until my schedule was FINALLY set in stone before I regale y’all with all the details. I officially got off the waitlist for my gym class, so everything’s set! Scheduling classes this semester was a bit of a struggle. First of all, I got a little off-track during Independent Activities Period (IAP) and nearly NR-ed (no-recorded) the two classes I was taking in January. The P-NR mindset01 The attitude that your grades dont really matter and you should do the bare minimum needed to pass your classes, usually resulting from MITs pass/no-record policy for first-semester freshmen can be really great during your first few months at MIT; I really enjoyed building an identity and confidence that didn’t depend on my grades. At the same time though, it’s kind of crazy how a student who was pretty much at the top of their class during high school can slip so far into academic apathy that they forget about their 6.14502 Brief Introduction to Python. Its a short class that runs over IAP and gives you the pre-reqs for a lot of course 6 classes final and end up taking it online in the middle of the woods on two hours of sleep (yes. I did that. It wasn’t good). I didn’t even dare pick out my STEM-based spring semester classes until I knew whether or not I’d passed 6.145 and 18.02A03 A multivariable calculus class that runs into IAP . On the other end of the academic spectrum, 21W04 MITs Writing course/major classes are HARD to get into. In the poetry workshop I eventually lost my spot in, a girl sitting at my table on the first day said “everyone knows that you need to pre-register if you even want a shot at getting into these classes”. Well, this was news to me! I was left scrambling at the last minute to try and get into a writing class, and eventually found myself emailing the professor of 21W.755, Reading and Writing Short Stories. On the first day of class he made it clear that about half of us would be cut from roster. I was NOT going to go through that again and I knew I would DIE if I was left without a 21W for a single semester and the lecture was so freakin’ exciting and ahhhhhhh I just wanted to writeeeeeeeeee! And then I had a realization: I want to be a 21W minor, if not a major. SO I spent the rest of that day darting from office door to office door trying to get someone to make me a 21W minor. Apparently you can’t do that sort of thing in one day, but I managed to get someone from the writing department to vouch for me so I GOT A SPOT IN THE CLASS and I’M 50% HASS05 Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences BOI NOW.   Once those were all set, I knew I wanted to try and sneak into a gym class. And I did! Because I hate myself (or maybe love myself?) I put myself on the waitlist for High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT). You basically do really hard things really fast for a small amount of time with an even smaller breaks in between. I secretly love really intense workouts -something about meditating on the utility of pain or whatever- so I was pretty jazzed when I got added to the official class list. Wish me luck? So without further ado, my schedule! Classes: 8.02: standard MIT Physics II (i.e. electricity and magnetism). My professor is great. My TA is GREAT. My small group for TEAL is SUPER GREAT. Big ++. 6.08: Introduction to EECS via Embedded Electronics. This is my first lab-based class! There’s just one hour of lecture a week compared to five hours of lab time. We get to play with wires and Arduino for a few hours, which I think is super fun and interesting! I feel like I learn so much more so much faster when I get to work with my hands. 6.009: Fundamentals of Programming. I can already tell that this class is going to kick my ass, but in a good way. This class comes after 6.145 or 6.0001/2 pretty naturally, but the learning curve is a steep boi. I was forced to learn many things and attend many office hours the last two weeks, which I guess is kinda the point. I feel like this class is just throwing us into the deep end of the metaphorical pool and everyone has to decide if they’re gonna sink or learn how to swim before they drown. Which I guess is a way to learn. 21W.755: Reading and Writing Short Stories. It’s exactly what the name says it is. It’s nine hours of homework a week. It’s going to destroy me and I literally can’t wait. 21M.600: Intro to Acting. This is kinda just a taking-it-for-fun class. I took acting classes all throughout high school under some really talented teachers, and I wanted to see what it would be like on the college level. I’m also taking it with one of my good friends who’s a senior, so it’s nice to do something fun together before they graduate :( HIIT Gym Class. Two hours a week of training. Many more hours spent too sore to walk up the stairs of East Campus Put together, they look like this: Also look Im actually using a calendar now :) This set-up is really dope for me. Mondays and Fridays are pretty low-volume, so I can ease myself into and out of the weekend. Sure, my Tuesdays through Thursdays are pretty packed, but I’m okay with that. Things that aren’t classes but take time: My job: Not a UROP, just a run-of the mill job. It’ll be nice to make some money Caving club: not a super-huge time commitment, but I love this stuff so much. Hopefully I’ll be writing a caving club post soon! Staying in shape: One of my goals this semester is to start running on a regular basis again (yes, on top of HIIT). I want to work up to a 10k! I can already run about 5 miles consecutively, so I’m reeeaaaalll close. Just a quick note: Things that aren’t on my schedule are 1) MTG, and 2) a UROP. After my little IAP almost-slip-up, I want to make sure I’m giving myself the time to succeed now that we have grades. I’m all about that work-life balance, so although I love the idea of doing those two things, I think I’m gonna wait just a little longer before I add anymore to my plate. So yeah! Here I am, second semester. Come get me. I dare you. Fight me. COME AT ME BRO. Post Tagged #gonnagetswole #imissupnr #onedownsevenmoretogo #oohbabyyyyyyherewego The attitude that your grades don't really matter and you should do the bare minimum needed to pass your classes, usually resulting from MIT's pass/no-record policy for first-semester freshmen back to text ? Brief Introduction to Python. It's a short class that runs over IAP and gives you the pre-reqs for a lot of course 6 classes back to text ? A multivariable calculus class that runs into IAP back to text ? MIT's Writing course/major back to text ? Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences back to text ?

Status of the UN Security Council - Free Essay Example

The International court of justice held that it is for non-member states to act in accordance (sic) with those decisions (of the UN security council) ( Namibia Opinion (1971) para.126 ) Introduction The sources of public international law have been articulated within Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice; United Nations Security Council resolutions are not included within this. The Namibia Opinion, despite its suggestion in para.126, cannot be considered an authority for the proposition that Security Council resolutions are binding on non-member States, particularly read within the context of the ICJ judgement as a whole. Nor does the judgement support the view that UN Security Council resolutions are a source of public international law. More recently, however, there has been some support for the view that certain Security Council resolutions have taken on a legislative character, that the Security Council is becoming a legislature for the World and therefore becoming a law-making body. Not surprisingly, there are a number of States who have expressed concern with this view. This is not least because the Security Council appears to have extensive powers, which having little legal regulation and coupled with the fact that the organisation is highly undemocratic, does not afford the impartiality that is required for such a function. Security Council Resolutions The term resolution has been used in United Nations (UN) practice in a generic sense, but it includes broadly two kinds of statements: recommendations and decisions. When the International Court of Justice (ICJ) refers to Security Council resolutions, it reserves the expression decision for binding resolutions and recommendation for non-binding ones. Security Council resolutions are generally only binding on the addressee, which may be one member, some members, all members, or other UN organs. It can even be binding on those members of the Security Council which voted against it and those members of the United Nations who are not members of the Council. However, with regard to non-UN member states, Oberg has argued that the most coherent interpretation of a difficult passage in the Namibia Opinion rejects any direct binding effect. Therefore, it is argued that despite the ICJ statement in the Namibia opinion in that it is for non-member states to act in accordance (sic) with those decisions (of the UN Security Council), that such resolutions are not binding on non-member states. In general, treaties only bind parties, in accordance with the concept within international law that consent is required to be bound by such obligations. Finally, since almost all States are now members of the UN, it would be hard to find non-member States to be bound in this way. Sources of Public International Law The sources of public international law are articulated within Article 38 (1) of the Statute of the ICJ. These include international conventions, international custom, and general principles. Judicial decisions and academic writings are also subsidiary means of legal interpretation. Therefore, if UN Security Council resolutions are a source of public international law, they must fall within one of these categories. De Brichambaut has explained that since the Security Council adopts resolutions, it can be assumed that it creates norms within the institutional framework that is defined by the UN Charter. However, this does not mean that these norms are source of public international law, but that the Security Council can create rights and obligations with respect to UN member States. The Security Council therefore acts only in accordance with its authority as delineated within the UN Charter. Chapter VII UN Charter The Security Council is a political organ and makes political decisions; however, it does produce resolutions, which have legal consequences. It is a legally effective collective security system, and its activities are defined within Chapter VII of the UN Charter. If the Security Council therefore makes a determination that there has been a threat to peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression under Article 39, it may exercise powers pursuant to Articles 40 to 42 of the UN Charter. Since this concept has no definition within the UN Charter, it gives the Security Council the ability to exercise wide discretion. Once the conditions within Article 39 are satisfied, Article 40 enables the Security Council to impose provisional measures, which are legally binding on States. Article 41 then empowers the Security Council to impose economic or diplomatic sanctions, in order to give effect to the resolution. Finally, Article 42 authorises the Security Council to take action by air, sea or land forces to maintain or restore international peace and security. Therefore, the UN Security Council may appear to be imposing legal sanctions on states, however, the link between the Charter mechanisms for peace maintenance and the concept of legal sanctions is tenuous. The purpose of enforcement action is not: to maintain or restore the law, but to maintain, or restore peace, which is not necessarily identical with the law. Mandatory decisions under Chapter VII, triggered by Article 39, are the outcome of political considerations, not legal reasoning, nor are its proceedings subject to judicial procedures. The determination of what constitutes a threat to peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression is a selective and to a large extent arbitrary process. The Security Council is not required to match the gravity of the situation to its response and it is not required to adopt the measures provided under Chapter VII in any particular order. Therefore, it is hard to con ceive of the Security Council as a law-making body. Advisory Opinion on Namibia In the Namibia Opinion, the ICJ recalled that although non-member States are not bound by Article 24 and 25 of the UN Charter, that they had been called upon in Security Council resolution 276 (1970) to give assistance in the action which has been taken by the United Nations with regards to Namibia. The ICJ went on to say that any state entering into relations with South Africa concerning Namibia, could not expect the UN or its members to recognise such a relationship. Since the UN General Assembly Mandate of South Africa in Namibia had been terminated, and South Africas continued presence in Namibia been declared illegal the ICJ considered that it is for non-member States to act in accordance with those decisions. However, as Gowlland-Debbas has explained that Security Council determinations of illegality and invalidity are essentially declaratory and not intended to create the illegality or nullity of the acts in question. The powers of the Security Council cannot be considere d to be legislative powers therefore, even in a broad sense. As Judge Onyeama emphasised in his separate opinion in the Namibia case, stating: The declaration of illegality of the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia did not itself make such presence illegal; it was a statement of the Security Councils assessment of the legal quality of the situation created by South Africas failure to comply with the General Assemblys resolution it was in fact a judicial determination. Therefore, it is clear that the Security Council does not make the law and therefore its resolutions do not constitute a source of public international law. They do have a role however, in interpreting current law and contribute to the law-making process. Customary International Law Article 38 of the ICJ Statute refers to international custom, as evidence of general practice accepted as law. In the Fisheries case, Judge Read described customary international law as the generalisation of the practice of States. As Crawford has explained, it is the conclusion drawn by someone as to two related questions: (a) is there a general practice; (b) is it accepted as international law? A custom arises therefore when a particular practice has become general. It is considered that the practice of international organisations can constitute one element of State practice. In Libya/Malta Continental Shelf case, the ICJ explained that the substance of customary international law should be sought from State practice and opinio juris of States. Opinio juris may be obtained from General Assembly or Security Council resolutions, if their subject matter is not too restricted to particular circumstances. Therefore, although Security Council Resolutions are not a source of public inte rnational law, they do constitute State practice, which may contribute to customary international law. Treaty Law Article 103 UN Charter provides that obligations of member States under the UN Charter should prevail over other International agreements. Therefore, since Security Council Resolutions are obligations under the UN Charter, these can take precedence over International Treaties. However, Security Council resolutions are created using a very different process to Treaties. In the Kosovo advisory opinion, the ICJ considered factors relating to the interpretation of resolutions of the Security Council. They explained that Security Council resolutions are the product of a voting process provided for in Article 27 of the Charter, and the final text of such resolutions represents the view of the Security Council as a body. Interpretation of Security Council resolutions is also very different to interpretation of Treaties. According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the starting point is the intent of the parties, and the best evidence of common intent is the specific langu age of the treaty. In terms of Security Council Resolutions, their implications can be incredibly far reaching, particularly for the State against whom the enforcement measures are being taken. As Frowein has argued: such a resolution is the legal basis for the most severe encroachment upon the sovereignty of a member of the United Nations. Therefore, although such resolutions have considerable impact and may even take precedence over Treaty law, they are essentially only a source of rights and obligations for member States of the UN and not a source of public international law. Security Council as Lawmaker Despite the fact that Security Council Resolutions cannot be considered to be sources of international law, there are many areas where the Security Council has made significant contributions to the body of international law. These areas have been enumerated by Michael Wood and include statehood: recognition and non-recognition; the law of treaties; State responsibility; international criminal law; international humanitarian law; international human rights law; and the international administration of territory. Reference has been made to the Security Council as a World Legislature and it has been suggested that a new legislative stage started with the adoption of Resolution 1373 on September 28, 2001. The president of the UN Security Council, in referring to the planned adoption of Resolution 1540 of April 28, 2004, described the ongoing consultation process for that resolution as the first major step towards having the Security Council legislate for the rest of the United Nation s membership. Krisch has even gone so far as to say that [b]y means of its enforcement powers, the Security Council has in fact replaced the conventional law-making process on the international level. Talmon has claimed that the hallmark of any international legislation is the general and abstract character of the obligation imposed. He suggests that Security Resolutions are framed in this manner. For example Resolution 1390, relating to the freezing of Al Qaeda assets, exhibit the characteristics of the legislative or generic resolution. This kind of resolution has also been referred to as a resolution, not in response to a particular fact situation. Therefore, it is argued that these resolutions are similar to obligations entered into states as international agreements. These new legislative or generic resolutions therefore have been referred to as international legislation. At the same time, there are those who express concern at the Security Councils increasing tendency to assume new and wider powers on behalf of the international community, by passing resolutions which are binding on all member States. There are others who express the opinion that the Council has no such legislative authority, claiming that the purported enactment of global legislation is not consistent with the provisions of the United Nations Charter. There may be some justification in these concerns, after all the UN Security Council is a political institution and not a legal one. It is also a highly undemocratic and has few legal constraints upon its own actions. Therefore, if it is the case that UN Security Council Resolutions are making their way into the realms of public international law via this route, then this appears to be a dangerous step. Conclusion The ICJs Namibia Opinion did not make Security Council resolutions binding on non-member states. Although paragraph 126 has been referred to as a difficult paragraph, taking the judgement as a whole it is hard to arrive at this conclusion. It is also clear that this judgment did not impact upon Security Council resolutions status as a source of public international law. Although such resolutions may add to the body of state practice which influences the development of customary international law, these resolutions cannot be considered law in themselves. Nevertheless, there is a growing body of opinion that has spoken of the legislative function of the Security Council and has identified certain generic or legislative resolutions. Some UN Member States have expressed the view that these are the beginnings of a legislative function within the Security Council. There are clear dangers in recognising this view, the Security Council is first and foremost a political and not a law making body and appears to lack the impartiality required to fulfil such a function. References Cases Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2010, 404 Fisheries (UK V Norway). ICJ Reports 1951 Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971 https://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/53/5595.pdf accessed 15th February 2013 Libya/Malta Continental Shelf case, ICJ Reports 29-30 Books Crawford, James Brownlies Principles of Public International Law, 8th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012 p.23 De Brichambaut, Marc Perrin, The role of the UN Security Council, in Michael Byers (Ed.) The Role of Law in International Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000 Dixon, Martin, McCorquodale, Robert and Williams,Sarah, Cases and Materials on International Law, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011 Harris, David J. Cases and Materials on International Law, 7th edition, Sweet Maxwell, London, 2010 Kelsen, Hans, Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of its Fundamental Problems, The Lawbook Exchange, New Jersey, 2000 OBrien, John, International Law Abingdon, Routledge-Cavendish, 2009 Walter, Christian, VÃÆ' ¶neky, Silja, RÃÆ' ¶ben, Volker and Schorkopf, Frank (eds) Terrorism as a challenge for National and International Law: Security versus liberty? Springer, Heidelberg, 2004 Journal Articles Gowlland-Debas, Vera, Security Council enforcement action and issues of state responsibility, (1994) 43(1) International Comparative Law Quarterly, 55-98 ÃÆ'–berg, Marco Divac, The legal effects of resolutions of the UN Security Council and General Assembly on the jurisprudence of the ICJ (2005) , 16(5) European Journal of International Law, 879-906 Talmon, Stefan, The Security Council as World Legislature, (2005) 99(1) American Journal of International Law, 175-193 Yee, Sienho, The dynamic interplay between the interpreters of Security Council à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °resolutions. (2012) 11(4) Chinese Journal of International law, 613-622 Web References Press Briefing, Press Conference by Security Council President https://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2004/pleugerpc.DOC.htm accessed 15th February 2013 UN Doc. S/PV 4950 https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chap%20VII%20SPV%204950.pdf accessed at 15th February 2013 Wood, Michael, The UN Security Council and International Law: The Legal Framework of the Security Council, Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures, First Lecture, 7th November 2006 https://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/lectures/pdf/2006_hersch_lecture_1.pdf accessed 13th February 2013 Wood, Michael, The UN Security Council and International Law: The Security Council and the use of Force, Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures, Third Lecture, 9th November 2006 https://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/lectures/pdf/2006_hersch_lecture_3.pdf accessed 13th February 2013

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Processes

All living things need a continuous supply of energy to keep their cells functioning normally and to stay healthy. Some organisms, called autotrophs, can produce their own energy using sunlight or other energy sources through processes such as ​photosynthesis. Others, like humans, need to eat food in order to produce energy. However, that is not the type of energy cells use to function. Instead, they use a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to keep themselves going. The cells, therefore, must have a way to take the chemical energy stored in food and transform it into the ATP they need to function. The process cells undergo to make this change is called cellular respiration. Two Types of Cellular Processes Cellular respiration can be aerobic (meaning with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen). Which route the cells take to create the ATP depends solely on whether or not there is enough oxygen present to undergo aerobic respiration. If there is not enough oxygen present for aerobic respiration, then some organisms will resort to using anaerobic respiration or other anaerobic processes such as fermentation. Aerobic Respiration In order to maximize the amount of ATP made in the process of cellular respiration, oxygen must be present. As eukaryotic species evolved over time, they became more complex with more organs and body parts. It became necessary for cells to be able to create as much ATP as possible to keep these new adaptations running properly. Early Earths atmosphere had very little oxygen. It wasnt until after autotrophs became abundant and released large amounts of oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis that aerobic respiration could evolve. The oxygen allowed each cell to produce many times more ATP than their ancient ancestors that relied on anaerobic respiration. This process happens in the cell organelle called the mitochondria. Anaerobic Processes More primitive are  the processes that many organisms undergo when not enough oxygen is present. The most commonly known anaerobic processes are known as fermentation.  Most anaerobic processes start  out the same way as aerobic respiration, but they stop  partway through the pathway because the oxygen is not available for it to finish the aerobic respiration process, or they join with another molecule that is not oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Fermentation makes many fewer ATP and also releases byproducts of either lactic acid or alcohol, in most cases. Anaerobic processes can happen in the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm of the cell. Lactic acid fermentation is the type of anaerobic process humans undergo if there is a shortage of oxygen. For example, long distance runners experience a buildup of lactic acid in their muscles because they are not taking in enough oxygen to keep up with the demand of energy needed for the exercise. The lactic acid can even cause cramping and soreness in the muscles as time goes on. Alcoholic fermentation does not happen in humans. Yeast is a good example of an organism that undergoes alcoholic fermentation. The same process that goes on in the mitochondria during lactic acid fermentation also happens in alcoholic fermentation. The only difference is that the byproduct of alcoholic fermentation is ethyl alcohol. Alcoholic fermentation is important for the beer industry. Beer makers add yeast which will undergo alcoholic fermentation to add alcohol to the brew. Wine fermentation is also similar and provides the alcohol for the wine. Which is Better? Aerobic respiration is much more efficient at making ATP than anaerobic processes like fermentation. Without oxygen, the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration get backed up and will not work any longer. This forces the cell to undergo the much less efficient fermentation. While aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP, the different types of fermentation  can only have a net gain of 2 ATP. Evolution and Respiration It is thought that the most ancient type of respiration is anaerobic. Since there was little to no oxygen present when the first eukaryotic cells evolved through endosymbiosis, they could only undergo anaerobic respiration or something similar to fermentation. This was not a problem, however, since those first cells were unicellular. Producing only 2 ATP at a time was enough to keep the single cell running. As multicellular eukaryotic organisms began to appear on Earth, the larger and more complex organisms needed to produce more energy. Through natural selection, organisms with more mitochondria that could undergo aerobic respiration survived and reproduced, passing on these favorable adaptations to their offspring. The more ancient versions could no longer keep up with the demand for ATP in the more complex organism and went extinct.